1.

Before the expansion of Europe overseas could take place...

A.     vast sums of money had to be raised.
B.     an army had to be recruited.
C.     the Atlantic Ocean had to be conquered.
D.     ships had to be built.
E.     seamen had to be trained.

2.

One of Portugal's leaders, known as the Navigator, was in reality...

A.     Christopher Columbus.
B.     King John II.
C.     a Venetian.
D.     Prince Henry.
E.     Prince Paul.

3.

Portugal was adept at exploring unknown waters because she possessed all of the following except...

A.     a navy.
B.     past experience.
C.     experienced navigators.
D.     experienced mapmakers.
E.     extensive trade routes.

4.

In addition to possessing the necessary resources for exploration, Portugal was the logical country for this task because of her...

A.     wealth.
B.     navigational experience.
C.     geographical position.
D.     prominence.
E.     ability.

5.

The Portuguese learned navigational methods and procedures from all of the following except...

A.     Jews.
B.     Catalans.
C.     Genoese.
D.     Venetians.
E.     Aegeans.

6.

Mediterranean seamen generally kept close to shore because...

A.     they were afraid of pirates.
B.     they feared being forced to a lee shore.
C.     they lacked navigational ability.
D.     they feared running into storms.
E.     the latitudinal extent of the Mediterranean was not great.

7.

Hazards such as sudden storms and dangerous coasts were...

A.     predictable risks.
B.     unknown risks.
C.     unknown to the area.
D.     a major threat to exploration.
E.     no threat to navigation.

8.

Sailing close to the coast enabled seamen to...

A.     reach their destination faster.
B.     navigate without sailing directions.
C.     determine their positions from landmarks.
D.     determine their longitude and latitude.
E.     avoid dangerous shoals.