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Using pronouns |
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Now check this example:
Mario Wells worked in
advertising after the war. He
became a professional painter in the early 60s.
1) Use they or them for people in the singular when
you are talking in general about males and females: |
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If you ask an artist how
they
started painting,
they'll
frequently say
their grandfather or grandmother taught
them. |
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2) Use himself, herself, themselves,
etc. when the object is the same as the subject: |
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Hi poured
himself a
glass of water. Compare with: He poured him a
glass of water where him refers to a
different person. |
3) Use it, this, that,
these or those to refer to the things last
mentioned: |
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Artists now have a vast range of
materials at their disposal.
This
means that they can be much more versatile than in the
past. |
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4) That is often used when giving
reasons: |
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The artist is my cousin and
that's
why I'm here tonight. |
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One, another, the ones, the other/s, both, neither, all, none |
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1) Use one to refer to singular
countable nouns from a group. Use the structure a/an ... one
with an adjective: |
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There are
several
excellent exhibitions on in Buenos Aires at the
moment. I strongly recommend
the one
at the National Gallery. |
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I've bought a lot of new
shirts
recently, but for gardening I prefer to wear
an old one. |
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2) Use another to refer to the second,
third, etc. singular countable noun from a group: |
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One picture
showed a girl combing her hair.
Another
was of the same girl dancing. |
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3) Use ones to avoid repeating a plural
noun: |
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I enjoy
romantic films,
especially sad
ones. |
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4) Use the other when referring to the
second of two things/people already mentioned: |
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Marina has
two houses.
One is in
Miami and the
other is in New York. |
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5) Use the others when referring to the
rest of a number of things/people already mentioned: |
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Most of the
actors went to a party.
The others
went home to bed. |
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6) Use both and neither to refer
to two things/people: |
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George Wellington has already
written two
novels in France.
Both
became bestsellers.
Neither
is autobiographical. |
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7) Use all and none to refer to
more than two things/people: |
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He has written
twenty novels
and I have read
all of them. |
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Luisa invited
all her friends
to a party but
none of them came. |
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Using auxiliary and modal verbs |
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1) We can avoid repeating words by using an
auxiliary verb: |
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A year ago I
couldn't speak
any Japanese, but now I
can. |
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Not many people
have read "The
Murderer" and I am one of the few that
have. |
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2) Use a form of do to replace a verb in
the present or past simple: |
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I really
enjoy good
comedy films, but then I think everyone
does. |
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Not everyone
likes science
films, although I have to admit that I
do. |
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Using so |
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1) Use so to avoid repeating a sentence: |
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A: Do you think
Real Madrid will
win the championship again?
B: I guess so.
( = I guess they will win the championship again.) |
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2) Use do so to avoid repeating a verb +
the words which follow: |
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I told my students to
hand in the
writing task on Monday and nearly all of them
did so.
( = handed in the writing task on Monday) |
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Omitting words |
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It is sometimes possible to use to instead of
a phrase with an infinitive beginning with to and to omit the
rest: |
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Marcela suggested
going to the
concert, but I didn't want
to. |
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Do
call me
if you're able
to. I'd like to be able to
solve your
problems but I just don't know how
to. |
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On the next page you will be able to practise
this grammar. |
