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ELLIPSIS: LEAVING OUT SUBJECTS AND AUXILIARIES. |
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After and, but, and or we often leave out a repeated subject or a repeated
subject and auxiliary verb, especially when the clauses are short. After then we can also leave out a repeated subject pronoun. |
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1. |
He got up
and (he) had a shower. |
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2. |
She came to the meeting
but (she) didn't say anything.
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3. |
We should phone him
or (we should) send him an email. |
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4. |
We usually have dinner at 10.00, and
then
(we) watch TV. |
You cannot leave out the subject pronoun after
before, after, because,
when, and while. |
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1. |
They locked the door and windows
before they left.
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2. |
We'll have a look at
the photos after we finish dinner.
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3. |
He's stressed
because he has too much
work. |
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4. |
She was horrified
when she saw the mess he had left.
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5. |
I met Sam
while I was
working in Italy. |
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ELLIPSIS: LEAVING OUT VERB PHRASES OR ADJECTIVES |
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We often leave out a repeated verb phrase or adjective, and just repeat
the auxiliary or modal verb, or the verb be, e.g. Laura has never been to
the States but her sister has been there ; Gary thinks he's right, but he
isn't right. If the verb we don't want to repeat is the present or past simple, we
substitute the verb with do / does / did. |
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1. |
Laura has never been to the States, but her sister
has. |
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2. |
Gary thinks he's
right, but he isn't. |
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3. |
I didn't like the film, but Mike
did. |
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4. |
They said I would love the film, but I don't think I
would. |
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We can use a different auxiliary or modal verb from that used in the first
part of the sentence. |
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1. |
I thought I
would be able to come tonight, but in fact I
can't.
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2. |
I know you've never
learned to drive, but I think you
should have. |
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3. |
A: You
must see his latest film!
B: I already have. |
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We can also leave out a repeated verb phrase after the infinitive with
to.
This is called a reduced infinitive, e.g. I haven't been to Egypt, but I'd
love to (go). |
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1. |
I haven't been to Egypt, but I'd love to. |
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2. |
The students cheated in the exam, even though I
told them
not to. |
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SUBSTITUTION: SO AND NOT. |
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We often use so instead of repeating a whole
positive clause after verbs of
thinking (assume, believe, expect, guess, hope,
imagine, presume, suppose,
think) and also after be afraid, appear / seem and say. |
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1. |
I'll have finished the work by Friday, or at least I
hope so.
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2. |
A: Will you be working on Saturday?
B: I suppose so,
unless we get everything done tomorrow. |
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3. |
Mark loves animals,
and his sister even more so. |
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With negative clauses we use positive verb + not ( e.g.
I hope not) with be
afraid, assume, guess, hope, presume, and suspect. We normally use
negative verb + so (e.g. I don't think so) with the verbs
believe, expect,
imagine, and think. |
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1. |
A: Do you think it'll rain tonight?
B: I hope not. |
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2. |
A: She's not very likely to pass, is she?
B: No, I'm afraid not. |
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3. |
The children may be back, but I
don't think so. |
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4. |
I know she liked the present, even though she
didn't say so. |
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On the next page you will be able to practise
this grammar. |
Pulsa este
ícono
para abrir y
consultar
las
respuestas correctas.
